2009-07-08

ZT: My Han Relatives’ View From Xinjiang - Sun Yan

A Han-Chinese American Professor interviews her relatives in Xinjiang

My Han Relatives’ View From Xinjiang

Yan Sun

Yan Sun, a native of Sichuan, has lived in the United States since 1985 and been a professor of political science at the City University of New York since 1992.

After arriving at the home of my parents in Chongqing on July 7, I asked my mother how many relatives we still had in Xinjiang and how they were doing lately. Ten families of close relatives, she said, and several more distant ones. Some were born and raised in Xinjiang, but the majority migrated there in the 1960s and 1970s from the Sichuan countryside. The sole reason was to get out of the poor farmland and have a chance at becoming urban residents. They were introduced to Xinjiang by an aunt who was assigned there in the 1950s but had managed to bring her family back to Sichuan in the 1980s.

I scrambled to reach some of them by phone and talk to them candidly about the issues that are often cited in the Western media as responsible for growing ethnic divide and tensions between the Uighur and Han Chinese. Some of my cited reasons took them by surprise; others made them laugh. With their decades of life and work in an austere region, I have little reason to dispute them. As a social scientist, it is fascinating for me to learn about their perspective on the deeper roots of the recent riots. After all, they were supposed to be the very source and targets of local grievance.

Without any need to repeat government accounts to me, my relatives mostly see “outside forces” as the main reason for the latest as well as other riots in Xinjiang in recent years. Citing long-term good friendship with local Muslims, they are hard-pressed to think of divisions serious enough to cause deadly riots. Rather, they claim to have seen outside influences at work from their own experience, e.g., money for underground mosques where mullahs engage in inciting rhetoric, for “terrorist groups” that make explosives and bombs, or for restless Muslim youths who stage trouble on the streets. They also see a pattern of Uighur separatist forces imitating the tactics of Tibetan exiles, namely, phrasing issues in terms that appeal to Western sensibilities, such as religious freedom, cultural and linguistic preservation, ethnic equality or territorial autonomy.

But aren’t there problems in these areas? My relatives were unanimous in their view that state policies are already tilted in favor of local ethnics. Freedom of religion? My relatives see the state restrictions are justifiable: no mosques for those under 18 because they are not mature enough to have good judgment, and no mosque attendance for those holding government jobs. The state does send an (Uighur) official as a liaison with the mosques on a weekly basis, but again this is seen as justifiable since the state funds helped with their construction and to pay the mullahs’ salaries. Why not let them fund on their own? The answer is that outside religious forces would otherwise fund them. Having read about how foreign-financed madrassahs spring up and spread in western Pakistan, I am hard-pressed to pass judgment here.

How about the imposition of Chinese language instruction in schools? This was news to my relatives. They grew up attending separate schools from their Uighur peers, where different languages were used in instruction. Some Uighurs chose to attend Han Chinese schools for career benefits. Only since 2005 has bilingual education been introduced in public schools in Xinjiang. Most technical colleges use Chinese in instruction, because of available resources, while colleges for ethnic nationalities instruct in minority languages. Rather than seeing bilingual education as forced assimilation, my relatives see it as a good skill to have in the job market, because many modern-sector jobs will involve interaction with Han Chinese in and out of Xinjiang. For their part, my Xinjiang cousins speak enough Uighur to communicate with Uighurs on a daily basis, and tell me that they live more like Uighurs than Han Chinese, enjoying mutton more than pork.

What about widened income gaps between Han Chinese and Uighur Muslims in the market economy? My relatives cite different attitudes toward education, achievement and life. This is where some “racist” assessments may be found, if they may be so-called: nomadic traditions do not value sending kids to schools, but rather roaming around or bathing in the sun; nor do they prioritize professional and material pursuits like the Han Chinese, or hard work or long-term planning for this world, but rather satisfaction in the spiritual world, etc. These are the contrasts I have learned in Western social sciences — conflicts between pre-modern and modern values, religious and secular cultures, or an achievement and non-achievement ethic. So it is hard for me to pass judgment here as well except to urge Han Chinese to loosen up and enjoy life a little as our ethnic brothers do.

What about the squeezing of Uighurs in their own native land by growing Han presence? Is that occupation or colonialism? These lines usually shocked my relatives. One aunt, a college professor who spent three decades in Khotan of southern Xinjiang, gave me a history lesson about how Xinjiang came under Chinese control in the Han Dynasty in the 200s B.C. and remained so on and off till the Manchu Dynasty finally consolidated Chinese rule in the 1770s. Xinjiang was loose whenever China was weak internally and its rulers were preoccupied elsewhere.

But successive rulers always reasserted control and sovereignty. Another aunt who had lived in a Tibetan region called the Chinese nation a melting pot of different ethnic groups over millenniums. Citing our own ancestors who had migrated to Sichuan generations back, my mother recalls her grandmother as one with white skin and yellow hair, possible of Turkic origin herself from western China.

Are there government policies on minority regions responsible for increasing ethnic tensions? Surprisingly (or not so surprisingly for someone familiar with America’s ethnic politics), some of my relatives fault the government’s preferential policies for helping to enhance ethnic identity and entitlement for minorities. Uighurs with disciplinary problems or criminal offenses are treated leniently, they say. In matters of employment, appointment and promotion in the public sector, Uighurs may be preferred over (perceived) more qualified Han candidates. “Reverse discrimination” in college admissions and population policies are other areas of Han complaints. While Han Chinese can have only one child, Uighurs receive honorary and monetary rewards for stopping at three, along with yearly bonuses. Whether legitimate or not, such complaints make it difficult for Han Chinese to appreciate Uighur grievances.

Do they think the World Uighur Congress and its exiled leader, Rebiya Radeer, were behind the recent riots? My older relatives from Xinjiang recalled Soviet instigations of Uighur separatism in the 30s and during the cold war, so they said they would not be surprised by any outside support for the W.U.C. or Radeer. Younger relatives point to the U.S. — not the U.S. per se but to the exploitation of U.S. apprehension over anything Beijing does and of U.S. sympathies for any group that Beijing opposes. The real point of staging riots inside China, they assert, is that they enable the exiled groups to survive and thrive. So they expect such riots for years to come.

The Han/Uyghur demographic trend in Xinjiang

For the past 10-20 years, following the change in economic activities and the apparent political integration and first hand experiences, people from Hong Kong I know seem to be a lot more knowledgeable about things in mainland China. However, prejudice might have largely gone now, ignorance is still widespread.

One example is that certain writer (aka toilet tissue head) who made his career by indiscriminately bashing the mainland grabbing any remotely related issue (people called this "piggybacking"/抽水) still find wide audience here. Another example is the ignorance of even some (according to his resume) British educated HK commentator.

This is a piece from Ming Pao today, from a "scholar/commentator" from Hong Kong. The author made argument like this, by comparing Xinjiang with Palestine. His "reasoning" is like this
  • Palestine had been relatively peaceful between 1967 to 1987
  • Because Palestinians had jobs (benefited from the oil industry employment in the middle east) -- I am no expert in the middle east so I suppose he is right about the fact, except that I thought oil didn't bring that much money until 1973, and this seems to echo the CCP's economic development brings stability line
  • He then argued that Israel did something wrong in 1977 by colonizing the West Bank, which is the point of inflexion and triggered the Palestinian uprising
  • Then he blamed China's Han immigration into Xinjiang, drawing parallel with Israel 1977-1987 and then concluded that China should heed the Israeli lesson and change its policy in Xinjiang
I do think there are some many problems in China's "minority policy" in general, not just in Xinjiang, but Tibet and elsewhere, i.e., in general. I also agree with some of the suggestions the author made (eg more communication, learning their culture, etc. though these seem to have nothing to do with the Israel-Palestine lesson he brought out).

What surprised me is that both the Ming Pao editor and the author (presumably a postgraduate from SOAS London) failed to check the facts which are crucial to his argument, which is common knowledge for those who care to do a little web surfing or knows China's modern history a bit.

Since the Han immigration started (and sorted of completed) between 1960-1977, which was more than 10 years before the 1977 time point he quoted for his Israel example, and we all know that the unrest in Xinjiang started about 10 years after 1987. There is a more than 20 year gap in the author's reasoning. Since 1978 there had been large scale emigration of Han out of Xinjiang, though more "drifters" moved in since mid-1990s, it had not reached the 1978 level in terms of % and the troubled started by mid-1990 before the second wave of Han move-in (which is predominantly urban and non-government directly). His conclusion may be right, and perhaps his discussion on Palestine, but his simply took the wrong line of reasoning.

These facts are easy to check (e.g. a goolge search landed me here). But more importantly, anyone who is familiar with the modern history of China would know that everything in China changed in 1978, and would bother to check this if he is drawing comparison to whatever happened in China during these years.

Of course, I think many of their criticism on the mainland (and its government mainly) are valid and needed. But the line of argument they put forward are just laughable, and therefore, at best destructive.

---
Here is a chart for Han/Uyghur population as a % of total in Xinjiang from 1978-2006 (source), showing an initial decline (repatriation of the youth sent there during Mao era back to the cities such as Shanghai after 1978) and gradual rebound after 1990s (business opportunity pulled). I don't have the pre-1978 figures, but this should be enough to show that 1977-1978 was about the peak time since we know that people were sent there in the early to mid-1970s.

Han % in 1978: 41.6% , 1990: 37.6%, 2006: 39.3%.

Xinjiang's ethnic composition

Source (and an excel file with more data and other ethnic groups): 新疆的民族问题

Counties and cities in Xinjiang


Dominant ethnic group in each city/county


Han % in each county


Uyghur % in each county


Kazakh % in each county

2009-07-07

ZT: The unintended impact of the affirmative action policy in China

一个兵团二代的网文:告诉你真实的乌鲁木齐(图) 


(partially translated here)

听到乌鲁木齐发生了暴乱,心里面一直无法平静,一天都在不断的搜寻各种信息,无法静心工作。因为这里,对我的意义,和大多数人并不相同——这里曾经是我的家园。

   网上言论铺天盖地,有过激的,有平和的,但是我想,对于这里大多数的人来说,那都是一个遥远的地方,遥远到甚至连想象都会出现两种极端,或者认为那里的 人都在住帐篷,或者认为那里和其它城市没有任何不同。没有人知道那里是什么样子,即使是有心人,也只是从网上查一些资料,然后得到一些统计数据

  虽然已经有九年没有回去了,但是我仍然希望,能够以我的经历告诉大家一个真实的乌鲁木齐。

   在写这篇文章前,我本来想弄一幅地图出来,结果当我打开go2map时,却只能哭笑不得,是城市弄错了或者是地图的格局变成上东下西了?但是很快发现不 是,城市还是那个城市,街道还是那个走向,只是街道名却全都错了。一个公认的国内地图竟然会将国内省会城市画错到如此地步,倒可以看出,乌市确实是令大家 太陌生了。

  好吧,还是让我们打开google的地图吧。

  在现在的地图上,有一些地名没有标出来,但是却是乌鲁木齐的地标,

  南门:就是人民路和解放南路交叉口.

  北门:就是解放北路到方艺路交叉口.

  大十字:就是解放北路与中山路交叉口.

  小十字:就是解放北路与民主路交叉口.

  大西门:中山路上和新华北路的交叉口.

  找到这些方向标,你大概就能明白,乌鲁木齐的老城有多大了,这也是乌鲁木齐市的核心区,现在最繁华的地方,也都在这儿.

   我想大家经过这两天,对乌鲁木齐的资料应该已经知道一些了,乌鲁木齐,现有200多万人,算是一个不大不小的城市,各项统计数据放在城市堆里都不算显 眼,不过在上世纪八十年代,有一项数据却和别的城市不同,那就是城乡人口比例,城市人口的比例达到80%。这个指标现在已经不算什么了,但是在那个年代, 大多数城市(即使是北京),基本上都是城市人口少于农村的。

  这个80%的指标里面隐含着很多的东西。第一个,可以说明,乌鲁木齐是一个完全移民化的城市,而第二个,更重要,乌市更是一个几乎由平地生长起来的工业化的城市。只有在很短的时间,通过大量的投资,才可能造成这样悬殊的城乡人口比。

  实际上,自从49年中央政府进疆之后,便开始了持续的汉人进疆活动,一开始是王震的一兵团分赴新疆各地,然后就地驻防.

  不过在整个五十年代,似乎并没有大规模的移民活动,因为这个时间段来新疆的人,都基本是零散的,.我父亲的单位,有八千职工,五十年代来的很少,问起他们的经历,一般都会自称为盲流进疆.

   而占单位绝对多数的职工,则是六十年代来新疆的,这个时间段,大概是63年到66年间,因为66年之后,再来新疆的人,就没有全民所有制的正式工作了 (家母正好赶上这个点,于是虽然有工作,却是集体所有制,一辈子都十分郁郁)。他们几乎有着相同的经历,即入伍、复员转业、不愿意回家乡、然后就来了新 疆。

  而复员转业的军人,似乎来自各地的都有,但是最多的是陕西和四川,甚至到现在,老陕和川帮的斗争仍然在很多单位里反复出现。

  在六十年代之后,新疆的移民就基本上停止了,不过这批人是有组织的移民,而且带有半军事化的性质。

   现在,大家知道新疆有生产建设兵团,但是大多数人却不知道,当初新疆的兵团要比现在大的多。现在的兵团都是一些农场,又叫农垦兵团。而在80年代之前, 新疆的大部分工业也是兵团建制的,新疆现在的很多局前身都可以追到工业兵团的某个师。可以说,新疆的汉人大都是兵团的后代。

  比如父亲的单位,是建筑公司,而在80年代的很长时间,都是以工一师工*团*营**连这样的名称存在,然后才改称新疆第*建筑公司*工区*队。虽然他们自从退伍之后就没摸过枪,但是这种建制,已经说明了他们的准军事性。

  当父亲们复员转业到新疆后,自然就遇到结婚问题,随之而来的就是托朋靠友,从内地介绍,而当时的政策,这种婚姻的女方,仍然是由国家分配工作,并且享受全民所有制待遇。政策的取消应该是66年或者是67年。

  于是,大批的家庭就这样出现了,随之出现的是婴儿潮,这一点倒和全国同步,在64年到78年间,无数的家庭以平均4到6个孩子的速度生育着中国的人口,一举将中国人口推过10亿大关。

  这批第二代,就是现在新疆汉人的主要组成部分。

  对我们这些第二代而言,新疆就是家,而父母的出生地则十分遥远,虽然我们现在说起来,都会说自己是陕西人、湖北人或者四川人,但是,实际上,无论我们喜不喜欢,新疆的印迹都已经被留下了,因为一生的记忆都是从那里开始的。

   前面介绍过,最早的乌鲁木齐其实很小,城外就是戈壁滩了,好在有一条河从天山流下来,叫乌鲁木齐河,经过人工修筑之后,宽阔的河滩被约束成了和平渠,而 原来的河滩则被改建成了公路,如果看地图,就会看见,城市被一条道路纵贯南北,这条路就叫河滩公路。而其实城市的发展,也是沿着南北展开。现在乌鲁木齐有 很多个城区,而最主要的城区还是原来那三个,天山区、沙依巴克区、新市区。所有的事情其实也发生在这三个区里。

  在父辈们刚来到乌鲁木 齐时,这里就是南门北门那么大的地方。自然容不下那么多单位,而各单位唯一得到的政策,就是城外的地方随便选,于是大家采用的差不多是跑马圈地的方式,划 出各自的红线,然后在里面开始盖房子。从半截在土里的地窝子到土房到砖房再到楼房,即使你现在去乌鲁木齐,仍然会发现很多地名实际上是一些单位名,比如地 质局、物质局、二建之类。我们一般都会称单位的住地为院子,也是那个时候留下来的。

  等到我们懂事时,乌鲁木齐已经很大了,北边越过了 红山,发展出很大一片新市区,南边则一直可以到雁儿窝列士陵园。而实际看来,乌鲁木齐就是一座汉人的城市。在八十年代,曾经由政府下过一个通令,所有的牌 匾上必须写上维族文字处理。这大概也是成立民族自治区之后为了尊重少数民族的结果吧。不过对于小商铺而言,想让装修工翻译出那些曲里拐弯的文字,确实很麻 烦,所以现在的大街上,仍然是到处都只有汉文。

  我在这上面,好象多次说到八十年代,想一想,这个确实是最重要的一个时间点,在此之 前,新疆的汉人的感觉中,维族人几乎不存在,因为他们都很老实,也很善良。甚至以后的很长时间,我们也都在说,是汉人把他们带坏了。父辈们流传着六十年代 的一些传奇故事,都是说一只钢笔换一头羊,或者一个什么小物件可以换两面袋子杏子。但是自从八十年代之后,这一切都在慢慢改变,也许,今天的悲剧确实是那 时候种下的。

  而在这之后,维族人在我们的心目中,逐渐变的凶恶起来。强卖现象就不说了,这是每个汉人都会遇到的。打架时成群上,不管 有理没理。应该说,即使有很多抱怨,但是在九十年代之前,我们和维族人还是经常打交道的,到自由市场买牛羊肉,还有买葡萄干,还有好多土特产,都是和他们 打交道。当时的说法就是,在他们那儿买东西,要就是问一下价不买,如果是讨价还价了就得买,不买的话,就可能打架。但是如果你狠一点,他们也不会怎么样。 比如维族人的刀铺里,他们经常会拿着刀在你眼前比划,似乎是威胁,又似乎不是,反正好象你硬一点也就过去了。

  当时,在整个乌鲁木齐市,随处可见维族人,也随处可见汉族人。就象这次出事最严重的二道桥(就是国际大巴扎),当时,初中的我们,也是成群结队地过去玩。

   但是,当我2000年回去探亲时,发现一切都发生了很大的变化。当时闲着无事,就决定去我最熟悉的路上去走走。由二道桥,经解放路到南门,曾经是我们最 常走的地方。然而这么长的一段路,竟然发现全是维族人,而很少见到汉人了,所有的店铺都是维族的,甚至连招牌都有很多只是维文。可以说我是在一种恐惧中走 完这一段路的。而当我走到南门之后,再往前走,就出现了大片的汉人区。一街之隔,对比之明显,让人触目惊心。其实所谓民族的融合,说到底就是双方自由往 来,那怕相互之间有矛盾都不要紧。而最差的情况,就是双方各自聚居,老死不相往来。而乌鲁木齐,经过多年所谓的民族团结局面之后,反而真正的形成了双方民 族各自收缩,集中聚居的现象。

  说了这么多乌鲁木齐的历史,还是让我们回到google地图,看一看乌市现在的局面是什么样子。

   乌鲁木齐的道路中,最明显的一条,是外环路,大家找到外环路的南段,这是一条东西向的路,然后再找河滩路(南路)。以外环路和河滩南路的交叉点为中心, 放大地图。然后,就可以看见更细致一些的布局,东面的第一条路,是新华南路,再往东,是解放南路,再往东,是外环路(东段)。再向北,找到人民路。维族人 的主要聚居区,实际上就在新华南路、外环路(南段)、外环路(东段)、人民路这四条路的范围内,而解放南路,则是其核心区,如果你看了新闻报道,就会发 现,所有出事的地点,也都是以这个范围向外扩展的。

  解放南路,由外环线到人民路,是很长的一段,前面说了,解放南路上已经看不到汉族 人了,但是不幸的是,很多辆公交线路还是会经过这里,更不幸的是,当时正应该是下班时间。我很难想象出当时的惨境,那些能够躲到武警队伍里的,是幸运者, 或者说,在解放南路上的,恐怕还多数是幸运儿,而那些在小街巷中行走的人们(这个圈的外沿,仍然住着很多汉人),才是真正的受害者,当暴徒们向他们涌来 时,也许他们已经有了本能的警惕和畏惧(这种本能是几十年生活的经验),但是当英吉莎小刀划破他们的喉咙时,他们会想到什么?也许,这就是命吧。

  暴乱发生之后,就不断打电话给那边的人,很多人都不知道发生了什么事儿,因为包括我们大多数人,都没有想到会死这么多人。这边炸两个车,杀一两个人是常事儿,但是聚众游行发生骚乱,好象还是自八十年代最后那一年之后的头一次。

   那一年的事,其实不用说了,内地闹的更凶,新疆自然也一样。大家都在人民广场示威,不过,当学生们发现,竟然有几千维人也来凑热闹时,就知道势头不对, 不能和他们搅和,立即撤回学校去了。而果不其然,没多久,维人们就忍不住本性,冲进了市政府,将所有的东西砸了个稀烂,也由此开始了这里长期的动荡过程。

   ZXB说,这次行动是由境外组织策划的暴力活动,这个结论真的不太对。要知道,在现今的世界局势下,想通过针对平民的暴力来促成地区的独立,不但达不到 结果,反而只会起反作用,让那些支持者们都无法再支持。科比娅老奶奶,毕竟还是个上等人,大概确实只是想让新疆的维人们,站出来,表明一下态度,起码不能 对内地的那件事毫无反应,因为这也不附和维族人的生活方式。但是,要说,科比亚就是要让维人去杀汉人去把乌鲁木齐砸烂,这个就是十分的错误了。因为,在我 看来,这短暂示威之后的不受控制的暴行,恰恰是街头维人的本性暴露,因为,由古至今,他们还从未有过不把和平示威变成一场暴行的先例。

   暴力之所以发生,就是因为其有不可避免性,还因为,其实这样的暴力活动每天都在发生,只是分散的,而7.5日,则是集中的。街头几个维人将一个汉人打的 死去活来,然后拍拍屁股走人的事儿,从八十年代就开始了,从开始的义愤到现在的麻木,都已经成为新疆的一大常态。这也是我们举家东迁的重要原因。看来我们 走对了,因为这一次,我们终于可以不担心家里人的安全了。

  前面说过,所有的改变都开始于八十年代。对少数民族的倾斜政策,是全面的, 从工作职位安排,到高考加分,再到底层的“少抓少杀从宽处理”。其实这些政策,对于个体的有利,却造成了对民族整体的全面侵害。尤其是“二少一宽”,要知 道,每个民族都有败类,对这些败类的清除是本民族的一种优胜劣汰。而如果针对民族之间搞什么不平等的话,受益的是坏蛋,而受损害的整个民族。在河里的争论 中,无数的人为民族倾斜政策鸣不平,说这对于汉民族是不公平的。但是,如果你去新疆看看,就知道,这些优惠政策是如果在多年之后,使得维人作为一个族群彻 底地丧失了社会能力的。

  到新疆,有一个现象很有意思。那就是汉族的节日,比如春节、中秋什么的,维人也会放假,而维人的节日,比如古 尔邦节(汉人放一天)、肉孜节,维人放假,汉人不放假。大家都会说,这真他妈不公平,但是仔细想一下,才会发现这里面竟有一个惊人的秘密。因为这个现象说 明,即使维人放假了,汉人依然可以继续工作。也就是说,在新疆,一切活动都可以不依赖维人的参与而正常进行。

  而再实地的考察一下,你 就会发现,所有的工矿企业,领导层中,都会有一个少数民族。这个指标是定的。但是,也只会有这么一个少数民族。这个人其实处于十分尴尬的局面。那时我曾经 在炼油厂工作,在基层员工中,几乎很少有维人,即使有,也是十分熟练的汉语,而那个维人的厂长助理,在讲话时坚持用维语,可想而知,他能在厂子里获得多少 威信。

  在乌鲁木齐、克拉玛义、奎屯,只要有工矿企业的地方,就是汉族占到80%以上。而更有意思的是,主要的岗位都是汉人占据,在几 乎所有的企业里,维人都是很特殊的,他们可以不请假就不来上班,而且不扣工资。因为大家都是觉得有他不多,无他不少。而这些维人,其实都是维人中最出色的 人,他们都是经过大学出来的。

  实际上,正是这种所谓的优惠,造就了现在这种个体上占优,而整体反而被排挤的现象。我觉得这种优惠政策 在很多国家似乎都造成了反作用,就比如法国对于解雇劳工的约束。优惠政策实际上将一个群体的弱势给突现出来,让主体社会见到这个群体,就会想到他们的问 题,而不是作为个体区别对待。在新疆也是一样,企业招工,是需要考虑民族,但是所有的企业都会以这个政策作为上限,多一分优惠也不加上去。比如企 业,15%必须是少民,那就是15%,养着他们就行了。其实如果是计划经济,这样还会有成效。问题现在国家是以私营企业为主了,私营企业绝不会管政府的这 些规定的,除非是政府给好处。就象这次的韶关事件之后,我想就再没有企业敢去新疆招工了。人家是来赚钱的,不是来给自己找麻烦的。

  维 人的传统是农业和商业。但是正是因为“二少一宽”,造就了汉人对于维人强卖的印象,而这种印象造成汉人根本就不和维人做生意。而工业的发展,也严重压缩了 维人的商业活动,维人的商业,主要是土特产、手工艺品。但是1998年,我回家时注意到一个奇怪的现象,原来遍布大街小巷的土产批发店,几乎没有了,改换 后的门面,基本是买工业品的。仔细一想也是,一店的葡萄干能顶的上几筒油漆的利润。自此之后,维人的商业活动逐渐集中在自由市场中,并且越来越集中在那么 有限的几种商品上。

  在新疆的大西门批发市场,还有上次着火的国贸城中,还有整个火车站附近的几大批发市场里,内地来的商贩们,最早以 一个床位一个床位的方式批发零售各种服装、小手工品,现在大的已经开了店面。可以说,这是个纯汉族的领地,汉人的第二代们,其实也没有铁饭碗可端了,但是 大家从这里批发东西,然后开各种店面去卖,新疆各地的商人,也到这里拿货。这是一个完全越过当地经济结构的商业网络。但是背靠这一经济网络,你可以想象汉 人将比维人拥有多大的优势竞争力。

  随着旧城改造的进行,很多古旧的商街被改造成精美的店面。但是这种改造,可以想象中,也意味着维人 商业的进一步退缩。在当时我们住的地方旁边,有一家很小的凉皮店,那曾经是大十字最兴盛的店面,每天买凉皮的人排着队。但是随着大十字的改造,这家店不得 不搬到现在这个称不上商业街的地方,惨淡经营。也许,咱们可以说,全国的城市改造,都造成这种结果。但是在乌市,维人看到的,大概只是维人的店铺不断减 少,而汉人的店铺不断增加。

  法之所以为恶,在于其导人向恶。

  任何一个民族都有暴虐的人,也有善良的人。但是中国 有一句老话,“仓廪足而知礼仪”。我不知道,在这一拨经济改革的大潮中,维人到底有多少失业,但是从市面上那么多只有汉字没有维文的店面,就可以知道,维 人们受到的冲击会更大。而这种冲击,将大批的青年维人推向街头。所以,如果你说维人比汉人暴虐,这肯定是对的。因为对于一个整体民族来说,其实决定这个民 族特征的,不是某一个人的极端特征,而是具有共同特征的人的比例。一个拥有更多街头少年的民族,自然远比一个大多数在为挣钱和学习而忙碌的民族显得凶狠的 多。

  应该说,给少数民族加分,给企业设定招工比例,这些都是对事实上的经济不平等的一种补偿。无论这些政策有多少反对声,基于国家考 虑,我们都是应该给予的。看看现在的世界,美国白人在说黑人和墨西哥人,法国人在说北非移民,德国人在说土耳其人。都是说国家给了他们太多的优惠,但是, 我们看到的,还是这些受照顾人群绝对的贫困,似乎除了在街头争斗中之外,他们百事无成。

  而且,这些优惠其实真改变不了什么。民考民根 本就与汉人无关,而民考汉,对于一个不同种族的考生,对于一个语言不通却希望融入的考生来说,这根本就是一种鼓励(当然对于那些把自己民族改成少民的人, 也不知道拿他们怎么办,毕竟,连孔子都说了,人而无信,不知其可),而且,即使最终,我也看不出,他们会占什么优势。不够分数的人,都会先去民族学院上一 年,那里,本来也不是我们要去的地方。而在内地的各大院校里,那些民考汉的学生更是少之又少。抱团打架虽然不对,但是并不限于维族学生,前几天,我的同事 一样在宣扬他们海南人在学校的同样的壮举。

  最新看《新宋》,说其实自古以来,对归化的少民历来都没什么好办法,一种如汉唐,奉而养 之,一种如晋,视如奴婢,不过好象就是晋的政策,才造就了那么多民族仇恨,才会有那么华丽丽的血时代。何况如果真把中国历史看一遍的话,其实汉唐那些归顺 的番人,反而是国家政权最忠诚的保卫者,无论是金日蝉还是阿史那社尔。既然我们不想去学当后清,那么也就不要想着去屠族这种事情,始作俑者,其无后乎。

  真正应该反对的,是“二少一宽”的政策,因为这是彻彻底底的恶法。人之所以从万物中脱离出来,就是因为“劳心者制人”,即智力决定了一个人的地位。所以,人类所有的法律,都是在抑制强个体对弱个体的侵害。可以说,任何的与此相背的法律,都会是恶法。

   前天理发时,和理发师聊起现在的年轻人,他说,现在的小孩了不得,不是比谁学习好,而是比谁进去的次数多。我说,这其实只是不同群体的不同标准罢了,街 头少年自然有与学校少年不同的标准,军队还以谁杀的人多为标准呢。那些优惠政策虽然很让汉人不平,但却是针对学校少年的。而“二少一宽”政策则是来纵容街 头犯罪的,我不知道这一政策出于什么考虑,甚至这都不符合西方的原则,因为在当年看过一片文章,那个亿万富翁的纽约市长(或州长),上台之后大力宣扬的就 是“零容忍”政策,认为街头实际上就是“破窗子”法则,如果有一扇玻璃破了,没有补,自然就会有第二扇。

  当经济改革政策将更多的维人 赶向街头时,“二少一宽”政策却又在为这些维人的犯罪开绿灯。打个人没事,捅个人也没事,杀个汉人也没事。其实又有多少罪犯天生邪恶,广州的那些“背包党 ”以前不也是走投无路的农民工。每个城市街头的罪犯,不管是汉人还是维人,说白了,都是政府的失职造成,如果他们的第一次犯罪的想法,能被法律吓住,而没 有实施,也许根本就不会有后面的这许多事情。冥冥之中,似乎自有天意,一次事件,竟然将最南的省和最西的省联系到一起,而这两个省,最大的相同,就是他们 拥有相同多的治安事件。

  其实,人思维中一个最大的误区,就是喜欢将群体中的一个代表的光荣看成自己的荣耀。比如看着姚明球打得好,个 长得高,自己也觉得好象长进了不少。其实你1.67的个,即使姚明长的再高,打得再好,和你有什么关系。但是,即使想到这一层,下次当姚明得了什么荣誉, 我还是会觉得特别高兴,所以我是姚蜜,并且不喜欢天涯杂谈。这种思维,叫群体无意识也罢,叫从众心理也罢,反正在很多人的思维中都存在。然后对于社会性而 言,有一条理论,叫存在就是真理。既然所有的人都这么想,那么至于真象是什么样子,那就不重要了。

  乌鲁木齐的暴乱就是这样的,ZXB 说的对,确实是一小撮,3000暴徒,如何能代表800万维人,要知道,任何一个民族,特别是农耕民族,能够举刀杀人的都是极少数(所以即使战争时期多的 也是炮灰而不是英雄)。但是,没有人会这么看,就象我们见了姚明得好处我们也瞎高兴一样,我们见了这些维人杀汉人,就会把帐算到所有的维人头上。甚至即使 我自己对我说,维人大部分是好的,但是下次再见到维人,我还是会由心底里生气。我想,新疆的汉人肯定会是这样的想法,而且新疆的维人感觉到这种想法之后只 能会和汉人更远离,即使那些想亲近的也不会,因为人都有尊严。为什么兵强马壮的南黎巴嫩军在以色列撤离之后连一天都挺不住,这是因为他们根本就没有尊严, 这样的人也被我们称为。

  所以,这一场的暴乱无论对汉还是维都是一个悲剧。其实维族的独立意识根本就不怎么强,因为历史上他们也重未建 立过一个国家。我们经常说库尔德人的悲剧,拥有5000万人口的民族却没有自己的国家,而维族也差不多。所谓民族独立意识的增强,是二战之后美国体制下的 产物,大家有没有发现,二战之后小国家越来越多,而且大的国家还有往小里拆的想法。甚至出现了独立的另外一种潮流,就是发达地区希望独立出来,不和那些穷 哥们一起过(比如意大利北部)。在新的世界格局中,领土完整成了神圣不可侵犯的,这其实造就了几千年来的大变局,弱小民族不再需要托庇于强势民族,也能够 生存,而且小国家更易生存,起码对于上层领导者来说,做一个国家元首肯定比做一个省长强。可以说当今世界的很多分离意识都与此有关。

   但是对于普通老百姓,生活还是第一位的。宣传很重要,如果你的周围全是说独立好,汉人拿了我们的地,拿走我们的油,拿走我们的棉花(这些也全有事实依 据),你发现自己现在没有工作,只能在街头混,那么我想,只要是有思想的人,都会生出悲愤之情的。而乌鲁木齐的解放南路,恐怕充满的就是这样的声音。那儿 买的书我都不认识,但那种情绪能够感受到,我能看到的就是那儿新修了很多寺,但是整条街的建筑,几乎还都是以前的老样子。有人问,那儿难道没有警察,说实 在话,真没有看到,问题是,你在汉人的城市里,走过三个街区,又能看到几个警察。

  族群的形象是对外的,在一个族群里,一样会分出无数 个小群体。我们前面已经说了,每一个族群都有街头少年,也有学校少年。汉族的街头少年比之维族,其凶恶程度一点也不差。问题就在于,如果这个社会,将族群 看淡,那么整个社会,先分出来的就是街头少年和学校少年。而不论行为,先看族群,那么我们知道的就是,某族人在杀人,而最终的后果,只能是族群分裂。现在 的新疆,恶果已经结成了,可是那些肉食者们,仍然将头扎在沙子里,喊着什么安定团结来之不易。

  暴乱就是暴乱,暴乱就有暴乱的解决方式。以霹雳手段,行菩萨心肠。韶关的领头者要杀,而乌市的暴乱中所有的杀人者,也一样要杀。只有这样,才能将族群的概念淡化掉。法律面前,人人平等,这才是将天平摆回来的根本做法。问题是,有司们,能做到吗?

   前面,我曾经发了一篇聊斋上的小文《盗户》,现摘给大家看看。“顺治间,滕、峰之区,十人而七盗,官不敢捕。后受抚,邑宰别之为‘盗户’。凡值与良民 争,则曲意左袒之,盖恐其复叛也。后讼者辄冒称盗户,而怨家则力攻其伪。每两造具陈,曲直且置不辨,而先以盗之真伪,反复相苦,烦有司稽籍焉。适官署多 狐,宰有女为所惑,聘术士来,符捉入瓶,将炽以火。狐在瓶内大呼曰:‘我盗户也!’闻者无不匿笑。”

  将这个盗户,改名维人,是不是就是现在的状况。“二少一宽”的政策错了,纠正是必须的,但是以后呢?多一事不如少一事的庸官做法能变吗?其实何止是民族矛盾,我们的葫芦官们,又判了多少葫芦案子,远的不少,最近福建的那个医闹的案子,不也是这样。

  “天下之患,最不可为者,名为治平无事,而其实有不测之忧。坐观其变,而不为之所,则恐至於不可救;起而强为之,则天下狃於治平之安而不吾信。惟仁人君子豪杰之士,为能出身为天下犯大难,以求成大功;此固非勉强期月之间,而苟以求名之所能也”。

   上文是摘自《晁错论》,其实我们的国家,无论成立时间还是发展,都已经到了汉景唐玄的那个时代,第一代打天下的老人已经谢世,而下一代承平日久,见血光 不知所往。二战的老兵们,共同的特点,就是不好战,也不怕战,因为他们知道战争是怎么回事,也知道在何时运用,知道生命珍贵,不是韭菜,但是更知道,要想 获得持久的和平,有些人的头,就是必须要拿来示众的

  其实上一代人已经将那些血腥的事情做了,给我们打下了坚实的基础,要我们做的,就 是将那些公平的政策执行下去。“所有的族群一律平等”,同时尊重少数民族的各项权利。而最重要的是,国家更应该知道,沉默的大多数是什么人,哪些人,才是 我们这个统一的多民族国家的柱石。

2009-05-27

Map: anti-podal maps


(Via Armcontrolwonk) This map shows where the opposite (anti-podal) point on the earth is. i.e. North Pole corresponds to South Pole. One can easily check up one's anti-podal point by change the coodinate (change lattitude from N to S, then add/subtract 180 on longitude). But it is neat to view this on a globe.

ACW cited this when he read that vibration typically get 'magnified' on anti-podal points as noted by astronomers observing the moon and some planets. He thinks this may be used to measure earthquake (and nuclear tests).

The physical explanation may be quite simple, as the anti-podal point represents THE equi-distant (both on earth surface and via the mantle/core) point, such that all waves arrive IN PHASE (ignoring fluctuations in rock type/etc). This means it would be difficult to measure earthquake anti-podally since these are random events and one does not know where to place the probe in advance, but for monitoring nuclear tests with known sites this could be pretty effective.

A few interesting observations
  • Very few land has land as antipodal points, mainly because there are only 30% land on earth and most of it is on the northern hemisphere. (this makes ACW's plan more difficult/costly)
  • The few land-land pairs include (this site provides a great tool)- Beijing's anitpode is a few hundred km south of Buenos Aires, Xian and Santiago (Chile) are almost exact antipode pairs (perhaps the only major city pair). Jakarta/Bogota and Singapore/Quito are also close enough. New Zealand's antipode is Spain (auckland/Seville). -- play these games to test your geographic knowledge.
  • The Yucatan meteorite at Chicxulub crater, which allegedly killed the dinosaurs, would probably have had created some folding under the ocean between NW Australia and Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. However,  some people believe that the Chicxulub antipode is actually the Deccan Traps inside India because techtonic movement shifted the Indian subcontinent
---



The map above shows the wave-front of the DPRK shock (test). Ideally these contours should be circle, but they are distorted because of rock/water structure the p-wave passes through (changes the speed the sound wave travels).

Given these contours, it is now easy to measure future shocks (from the same location) much more accurately. The trick is to put an array of probes spaced on a chosen contour such that the signal these probes received are all "in phase". Adding these signals (time-plotted) up will result in strong signal since the noises are not in phase and tends to cancel out. This will achieve similar or even better results than a measure from the antipode.



2009-05-24

How credible is DPRK's nuclear stockpile?

In 2006 North Korea claimed it conducted a "nuclear test". But many analyst suspected it was a faked test mimic by traditional explosive, for 2 reasons:

  1. the energy was only bout 1/3 of the Hiroshima bomb, showing that the explosion is likely really from a nuclear bomb. Because for a chain reaction to happen, there need to be at least certain critical mass of Uranium (or Plutonium), as demonstrated first by physicists Rudolph Pierls. And the Hiroshima bomb is just over the critical mass
  2. There had not really been confirmed radioactive trace from the surrounding international observation. (The US said the signal is "consistent" with a nuclear test, but radioactively of this small amount (for underground test) is easy fake. Note also the choice of word, "consistent" is a much weaker word that "confirm", which will mean consistency in both strengh, spectrum, and also spatial distribution. "consistency" only means that there is some radiation detected and that no obvious contradiction)
The most recent claim has a magnitude of 4.7 (vs 4.2 in the previous test). The energy is about 3 times larger ( 10^(4.7-4.2) = 3.1 ), making the total energy similar to that of the Hiroshima bomb.

For a nuclear test it still seems to be very minor. Two possibilities
  1. It is a real nuclear blast, but DPRK has barely enough Pu/U, so they used all the 'available' material for this "test"
  2. It is another fake test, they figured the previous test was 2/3 short in magnitude, and got the right amount to make a more credible fake (it would to too expensive to use more)
---
p.s. it is hard to accurately measure the energy with seimological measure, as the rock/water of the surrounding is complex and differ from the calibration references (for both seimic calibration and also underground nuclear test energy calibration). the most reliable data is perhaps the 'relative scale' (i.e. the difference) in energy for data taken by the same probe(s).
e.g., from one source (NEIC National Earthquake Info Center, which i think is the USGS) the numbers read 4.7 (2009) and 4.3 (2006) so the difference is 10^0.4<3.>

2009-05-18

Cheung on RMB again

I am going to revisit this topic again and again, until Beijing listens. I think this is what Prof Cheung is trying to do. So what I have to do is to just check his blog regularly and quote him when he makes some (seemingly/relatively) new point(s).

Here are the key points I would like to emphasize
  1. China can made Shanghai a financial centre (at least at the regional level) if it opens up its currency, which means getting an independent (or currency market "neutral") anchor for the RMB -- i.e. the Commodity Basket!
  2. One key strength of the Commodity Basket is that it is (largely) linear independent of any existing currency (eg USD or EUR). It provides a new dimension for other currencies in the  world to "reference". I say "largely" because some currencies do depend on some commodity (eg OPEC on oil, and AUD on its minerals, etc) but all these dependencies are only partial and more importantly, they are influenced by human factors such as the macro-economic policies (interest rates, etc) of these countries. OTOH, a Commodity Basket peg provides a "pure" axis for other currencies in this world to reference on. Countries such as Singapore can use RMB as one of the main component of its basket (it can also chose its own basket, in which case it will help to stabilize the commodity price -- i.e. make it more difficult for speculators to influence the short term price fluctuation). I think this is the most important reason for adopting the Commodity Peg.
I agree with Cheung that many countries (esp developing countries) would use RMB as one of the reference in their currency peg. However, I do not agree with him that overseas Chinese would affect the demand of RMB (perhaps Koreans would be so patirotic as to put once own saving to the state, very few people from other nationality will, Chinese are no exception). The reason for anyone, ethnic Chinese or not, to put his money in RMB is because it provides a unique proxy that nom other exisiting currency provides, and that it has very clear transparency. Commodity Peg provides both.

---


《金融中心上海将远胜香港》(二○○九年四月十四日)发表后,读者差不多一致同意。该文提出的第五点,行内的朋友拍案叫好。我是这样写的:

搞金融中心,你道上海胜香港最重要是哪一点呢?我赌你猜不中。这是严格地说,港元没有自己的面目。钩着美元或转钩人民币,港元算不上是可以独当一面的货币。多年以来,港元在国际上打出一点名堂,算是了不起,但要搞出一个举足轻重的国际金融中心,自己的货币可以独当一面非常重要。

回顾历史,英镑曾经雄视地球,今天还清楚地有自己的面目。伦敦是世界级的金融中心,有其因也。美元的成功故事不用说,面目得来不易,带起华尔街。七十年代日圆呼之欲出,一时间东京红得发紫,可惜政策出了大错,一蹶不振二十多年了。欧洲采用欧元之前有三几只货币有看头,但国际上不成大器。今天的欧元有面目,但金融中心没有国籍名堂。再者,金融危机出现后,欧元能否保得住是问题,因为不同的国家需要有不同的货币政策。当年佛利民反对蒙代尔的欧元建议就是为了这一点。

要搞起一个重要的国际金融中心,货币有自己的面目重要。这是说货币需要是一只名牌,有公信力,容易被各方接受为结算单位。弱币不成,强币较好,但太强也不成。与物价水平衡量,币值稳定重要;国家本身的生产力可靠也重要。人民币有十三多亿人口的可靠生产力支持,过了一个难关,而如果依照我多次建议的以一篮子物品为人民币之锚,物价当然稳定,所有难关都过了。这里要说的,是不久前周小川先生提到凯恩斯三十年代建议的以三十种物品为货币之锚,与我建议的方法不同,施行会有困难。我建议的要点,是为锚的一篮子物品要化为任何人可以大约地在市场自由成交的物价指数。这是重点,我解释过多次了。

这里要说的,是北京不久前公布会在二○二○年在上海推出国际金融中心。那是十一年后,他们在等什么?不明白北京的朋友怎样想。经济的发展历来千变万化,见一步走一步要反应快,要判断准。搞金融中心可不是搞北京奥运,不是要按着既定的时间表进行的。金融中心早就应该搞,而对中国来说,数千年来,最有机会达大成的时机是今天。夜长梦多,再等是劣着。让我分点说说吧。

(一)搞国际金融中心最重要的条件是没有外汇管制——即是说,外人要多少人民币皆可按市价购买,其进、出口政府一律不管。搞国际金融中心,有汇管不能搞。这里有一个传统的谬误,虽然我认为是维护某些利益团体的借口。这是有些人认为放开汇管要等到什么时机成熟云云。是大错。已故的香港财政司郭伯伟曾经对我说,二战后,香港有关当局也认为需要有汇管,放开要等时机成熟。但他们当时不知怎样管,于是不管。后来见不管的效果好,就想也不再想了。

二十年前,佛利民最执着的是中国立刻解除汇管。他对我举出人类历史无数的汇管为祸的例子。后来北京把汇管放宽了不少,但不少沙石今天还在。要是中国没有放宽汇管,不会有今天。目前看,全部放开是搞国际金融中心的先决条件。

我不要在这里指出哪些团体或机构因为人民币有汇管而获利,但要指出一点北京朋友信奉的,是神话。他们认为汇管可以阻止资金外流。其实不然。汇管可以阻止或妨碍的是生意的正常运作,要把资金搬出国外的人总有办法。几个月前美国的外交部公布的中国投资于美国金融的数字,比中国央行的估计高出一倍!

(二)像中国那么庞大而有经济实力的国家,搞国际金融中心大有可为。但要打出名堂,人民币在国际上要成为名牌,要有自己的面目,不容易。数千年来,中国货币能打出名堂的成功机会最高是今天。这是因为国际金融大乱,人民币推出去会给国际人士在保值上多了一个选择,何况炎黄子孙满布地球,给祖宗一个面子我是相当肯定的。

自由地放人民币到地球云游四方,国家赚钱,有需要时收回就赚了利息。另一方面,放人民币出去不是要在国际上取代美元或其它先进之邦的名牌货币,而是因为我在《人民币的故事》(二○○九年三月三日)指出的一个重要观点:

目前的形势是,因为这些年落后之邦发展得非常快,先进之邦如在梦中,从汇率的角度衡量,前者与后者之间出现了一个很大的断层,连接不上了。上层之间有竞争,下层之间也有竞争,但上层与下层之间的竞争是脱了节的。北京的朋友认为可以容易地打上去,推出腾笼换鸟,失之轻浮。治安转劣,是腾笼换贼乎?回乡归故里是连笼子也换了吗?

目前看,上述的「断层」很现实,但向前看,这断层早晚会收窄,会平服下来。因为这些年发展中国家的生产力上升得快,而先进之邦的法定最低工资高企不下,需要的过渡期会为时甚久。人民币放出去,其它落后之邦或发展中国家的货币,不直接或间接地跟着人民币走是很愚蠢的。我反对中国做什么发展中国家的一哥,也反对中国要领导世界什么的。但我肯定今天把人民币放出去,会协助发展中国家的发展,从而可以远为容易跟他们贸易而获利。

(三)这就带来另一个重点。自二○○三年起我极力反对人民币兑美元升值,同时解释过多次,这反对不是人民币兑美元的本身,而是其它发展中国家的币值跟着美元走,人民币兑美元升值,于是兑其它竞争国家的货币也升值。解除汇管,人民币自由进出,发展中国家多了一个重要的选择,情况会很不相同。

这是说,依照我解释过的,一九九七的亚洲金融风暴之后,发展中国家的币值与人民币达到了一个均衡点,成为一个层面,跟着的发展是这层面与先进之邦的币值层面出现了一个相当大的断层。如果人民币独自在国际上提升,对中国的竞争力会带来灾难性的影响。人民币有外汇管制,不放出去,亚洲的发展中国家没有选择,跟着美元走,人民币兑美元升值是劣着。但如果央行解除汇管,让人民币自由外流,聪明的发展中国家会把其币值跟着人民币走,或起码会重视与人民币汇率的调节,也会考虑以人民币作为他们的一部分外汇储备。读者要知道,任何国家都可以随时选择及调校他们的国际币值。这调校要考虑到自己的竞争力、国际贸易的利益与国民收入的实质享受。这也是汇率在市场浮动的主要功能。如果大有差池,不按经济原则处理自己的货币的国家,执政者是要下台的。

这些年我担心因为中国有汇管,人民币兑美元升值等于兑其它发展中国家的货币升值,在竞争中会中计。解除汇管,让发展中国家多了人民币的选择,他们不按经济原则处理币值,不维护自己的外贸利益,中计的就转到他们那边去。这也是说,只要人民币解除汇管,稳定着自己的货币的购买力,避开了不可以接受的通胀或通缩,美元兑人民币怎样变动中国大可不管。中国要管的是与其它发展中国家的互相得益的竞争,而如果人民币不自由放出,他们的币值老是跟着美元走,中国不能不管人民币兑美元是何价。

上述的道理不浅,但属一等的经济分析。是纯正的价格理论。纵横学问五十年,我认为除了价格理论,可取的经济学没有其它。

(四)人民币解除汇管,有机会带来另一项麻烦。以小人之心度君子之腹,四方君子可以凭炒买炒卖来扰乱人民币在国际市场的运作。机会不高,也不难处理。中国要稳定人民币对物品的购买力,而最简单的方法是用我建议过无数次的、把人民币与一篮子任何人可以在市场直接成交的物品指数为货币之锚,也即是与这篮子物品的价格指数挂钩了。肯定可行,我解释过多次,这里不再说了。人民币下了这个锚,对任何货币的汇率皆自由浮动。这样,在货币的话题上,中国是不怕任何扰乱的。

这里要说的,是如果人民币与一篮子物品为锚,其它发展中国家的币值会跟着人民币走的意向一定激增,而某程度他们选用人民币作储备也可以肯定。这些判断我乐于赌身家。

(五)也说过多次,无锚的货币制(fiat money)不可取。这一点,不少经济学者同意,只是以大国而言,他们想不出怎样把货币下一个固定的锚。十多年前跟进朱镕基的货币政策时,我霍然而悟,想出了可以用一篮子可以在市场成交的物价指数为货币之锚。

八个月来,为了跟进地球金融危机而读到不少美国行内专家的货币言论,更证实了无锚货币不可取之见。这些专家不少是老朋友,他们的学问我历来欣赏。无锚货币的困难他们当然知道,但在美国现有的经济结构下,转用我提出的下锚制不容易。欧元可以采用,而人民币采用是更容易了。

无锚货币的一个无可救药的缺点,是适当地调控货币量难于登天。这些年美国联储用上调控利率的方法,基本上是价格管制,违反了费沙的不可能错的分析,也违反了价格浮动是引导资源使用最重要的功能。我曾经指出,美国的次贷之灾的其中一个主要起因,是联储把利率辘上辘落。利息是提前消费或提前投资之价,利率应由市场决定,央行不要管,但这重要的市场利率运作,是要在人民币下了一个可以在市场运作的锚才可以安枕无忧。

我明白如果把人民币下了一个稳定的锚,让利率自由浮动,央行的调控经济的权力会大幅下降。这是正着:市场的运作一般可靠,远胜政府的左右。不是说政府不要管经济:应该管的事项多得很,但该管的不管,不该管的却干预频频,出错的机会十之八、九也。

上海搞国际金融中心,原则上是前途无限的。要放开汇管才可以搞,而央行的工作会转到另一些重要的事项去。央行还在等什么?北京的朋友还在等什么?国际金融中心是那么重要的工程,有大成可勒碑志之,北京今天的领导人为什么要把这样重要的功绩推到接班人那边去?他们为什么要胡里胡涂地把自己的名字押在新《劳动合同法》这项劣迹上?难道将来的历史怎样写对他们不重要吗?


2009-03-28

Warming?

1) A Berkeley professor dares to debunk the popular wisdom about the future of energy.



IMO the rationale for energy conservation should simply be, "we do not have unlimited source of energy (at least, before we can efficiently convert/store solar energy, to a level on par with what chlorophyll does)". Global warming mongering is like predicting China's GDP/cap will surpass that of US in 15 years -- simple straight line projection ignoring any non-linear effects/secondary corrections.

2009-03-24

The Answer for Zhou Xiao Chuan

The answer for Zhou is already written here - as advocated by Prof Stephen NS Cheung and I recapped some 3.5 years ago. All issues Zhou raised are addressed in this system, which Zhou lamented for its being shelved some 70 years ago. China can go ahead with this solution alone while persuading G20/IMF/WB to follow suit. This is an area where China can and should lead, by doing it first, because China does not have the legacy of the developed nations. If China does so, it would surely be first joined by most nations which are now pegging their currencies to the USD or Basket (eg the gulf nations, ASEAN, some Eastern European non-Euro countries including Russia, may also follow suit)


Zhou's said, in an essay (in Chinese original here)
  • 国际储备货币的币值首先应有一个稳定的基准和明确的发行规则以保证供给的有序;其次,其供给总量还可及时、灵活地根据需求的变化进行增减调节;第三,这种调节必须是超脱于任何一国的经济状况和利益
  • an international reserve currency should first be anchored to a stable benchmark and issued according to a clear set of rules, therefore to ensure orderly supply; second, its supply should be flexible enough to allow timely adjustment according to the changing demand; third, such adjustments should be disconnected from economic conditions and sovereign interests of any single country. The acceptance of credit-based national currencies as major international reserve currencies, as is the case in the current system, is a rare special case in history. The crisis again calls for creative reform of the existing international monetary system towards an international reserve currency with a stable value, rule-based issuance and manageable supply, so as to achieve the objective of safeguarding global economic and financial stability.
  • 超主权储备货币的主张虽然由来以久,但至今没有实质性进展。上世纪四十年代凯恩斯就曾提出采用30种有代表性的商品作为定值基础建立国际货币单位“Bancor”的设想,遗憾的是未能实施
  • Though the super-sovereign reserve currency has long since been proposed, yet no substantive progress has been achieved to date. Back in the 1940s, Keynes had already proposed to introduce an international currency unit named "Bancor", based on the value of 30 representative commodities. Unfortunately, the proposal was not accepted.
  • 超主权储备货币不仅克服了主权信用货币的内在风险,也为调节全球流动性提供了可能。由一个全球性机构管理的国际储备货币将使全球流动性的创造和调控成为可能,当一国主权货币不再做为全球贸易的尺度和参照基准时,该国汇率政策对失衡的调节效果会大大增强。这些能极大地降低未来危机发生的风险、增强危机处理的能力
  • A super-sovereign reserve currency not only eliminates the inherent risks of credit-based sovereign currency, but also makes it possible to manage global liquidity. A super-sovereign reserve currency managed by a global institution could be used to both create and control the global liquidity. And when a country's currency is no longer used as the yardstick for global trade and as the benchmark for other currencies, the exchange rate policy of the country would be far more effective in adjusting economic imbalances. This will significantly reduce the risks of a future crisis and enhance crisis management capability.
  • 改革应从大处着眼,小处着手,循序渐进,寻求共赢
  • he reform should be guided by a grand vision and begin with specific deliverables. It should be a gradual process that yields win-win results for all
(English recap from AP, and WSJ  seems to have missed some key points above)
  • Zhou said the proposed new currency also should be used for trade, investment, pricing commodities and corporate bookkeeping.
  • "A super-sovereign reserve currency managed by a global institution could be used to both create and control global liquidity," Zhou wrote. "This will significantly reduce the risks of a future crisis and enhance crisis management capability." Zhou also called for changing how SDRs are valued. Currently, they are based on the value of four currencies — the dollar, euro, yen and British pound. "The basket of currencies forming the basis for SDR valuation should be expanded to include currencies of all major economies," Zhou wrote. "The allocation of the SDR can be shifted from a purely calculation-based system to one backed by real assets, such as a reserve pool, to further boost market confidence in its value."
The Economists spelled out what China's objective really is (we all know it is neither practical or feasible to replace the USD in the medium term, as most media reported superficially, or the Chinese wishfully)
  • Mr Zhou’s proposal is China’s way of making clear that it is worried that the Fed’s response to the crisis—printing loads of money—will hurt the dollar and hence the value of China’s huge foreign reserves, of which around two-thirds are in dollars.
The key issue is how to make the transition "gradual" (大处着眼,小处着手,循序渐进) to minimize potential risk. And the only way to a first step is to (i) shift the RMB peg from USD to a basket of currencies then (ii) to a basket of commodities. China did the (i)  in 2005 but it needs to do (ii), perhaps but making a gradual shift, by, e.g. first with a 90% currency b. basket + 10% commodiy basket, then lowering the weight of currency basket smoothly

2009-03-21

再谈汇源案

续前文,有关商务部对汇源案的裁决的评论


“商务部依据《反垄断法》的相关规定,从市场份额及市场控制力、市场集中度、集中对市场进入和技术进步的影响、集中对消费者和其他有关经营者的影响及品牌对果汁饮料市场竞争产生的影响等几个方面对此项集中进行了审查。审查工作严格遵循相关法律法规的规定。审查过程中,充分听取了有关方面的意见。
商务部认定:此项集中将对竞争产生不利影响。集中完成后可口可乐公司可能利用其在碳酸软饮料市场的支配地位,搭售、捆绑销售果汁饮料,或者设定其他排他性的交易条件,集中限制果汁饮料市场竞争,导致消费者被迫接受更高价格、更少种类的产品;同时,由于既有品牌对市场进入的限制作用,潜在竞争难以消除该等限制竞争效果;此外,集中还挤压了国内中小型果汁企业生存空间,给中国果汁饮料市场竞争格局造成不良影响。 ”

1)关于“市场份额及市场控制力、市场集中度,进入壁垒”
b)最新数据是汇源在“百分百果汁”的市场占有率已降到32.6%。而汇源的中国软饮市场总占有率则从10.3%降到了8.5%
(另有资料显示:可乐+汇源的所有果汁类市场占有率为20%,总软饮市场则为12%--应该是市场定义的分歧。不过都支持下述结论。)
这证明了两点。一是场份额转变之快和进入壁垒之低,二是汇源市场价值相对于去年9月已有显著的下降。

2)关于"集中完成后可口可乐公司可能利用其在碳酸软饮料市场的支配地位,搭售、捆绑销售果汁饮料,或者设定其他排他性的交易条件,集中限制果汁饮料市场竞争,导致消费者被迫接受更高价格、更少种类的产品"
a)  茶饮料领域。。。统一、康师傅仍然占据龙头地位,连同麒麟、三得利、雀巢等品牌,控制了国内茶饮料市场的很大份额
b) 瓶装饮用水市场。。。娃哈哈居首、农夫山泉、怡宝分别位居第二、第三,乐百氏第四
事实是,各种软饮在国内市场由不同公司主导,显示的所谓捆绑销售并没有商务部或一些天真的MBA们认为的那么简单。当然,不同饮料在销售渠道、品牌宣传等都有一定的规模(和synergy),可是要谈到捆绑和垄断,趋势另一回事

3)有关“垄断”
a)可乐在美国市场(所有软饮)的市场占有率为44%,百事31%,cadbury schweppe(玉泉)15% (2002年数据,美国市场变化不大)。在美国这可算“垄断”或“寡头”。中国的市场占有率分别为达能 16.3%,可乐15.5%,可乐+汇源可能有23-24%左右。与美国(或其他市场)相比,并不算集中。
b)然而,在美国这么高度集中的市场,新的进入者仍然不断制造了成功的神话。POM Wonderful 在 2002-2008的6年间,作为一家独立的公司开辟了石榴汁的市场,销售达到1.65亿美元。EnergyBrand(itaminwater)则在8年间(1998年开始vitaminwater)达到3.5亿美元销售。
c) 中国市场无论是从结构上(销售渠道、品牌认同)等都比美国分散(fragmented),因此进入壁垒只可能比美国低。

4)国内同业的反对
我是国内的同业竞争者的话,我也当然会反对这项并购。毕竟可乐是主要的竞争者。可是,商务部诸公应该知道所有潜在竞争者都是会反对这些并购行为的,因为竞争会趋于激烈。假如可乐并购汇源是(如一些网评所说)为了消灭这一品牌(如天府可乐)那竞争对手们应该是乐观其成才对。

5) 保护主义(?)
汇源是“民主企业”吗?
汇源股东包括(1)朱+管理层42%,(2)法资达能(danone) 23%,(3)美资华平基金(warburg pincus)7%,(4)其他香港市场股东(包括外资基金)35%

市场资料来源:

---
p.s. 如前文(及众多网友)疑,可乐可能“做了商务部工作”。最可圈可点的是商务部猪公之一姚坚似乎露了馅“可口可乐继续并购的意愿还是有的”,什么叫“还是有的”?就是“只有一点”吧?
明明知道可乐的意愿已经不大,还要去否决,不是摆明在帮可乐吗?看来商务部诸公其实不笨,只是比较容易被做工作而已。

  • 汇源集团内部人士给《中国经营报》记者发来短信:“我上次不是给你说过:结果会以商务部按《反垄断法》不批。”他坚定地指称,“这是可口可乐操作的结果。可口可乐一早就不打算买了,汇源早就做好了准备。”
  • 在上海的会面上,朱新礼捺着性子追问可口可乐公司总裁及首席执行官穆泰康,可口可乐大举投资,是否意味着在并购问题上产生了动摇?而穆泰康则回应,希望汇源能够同意降低收购价格。记者未能了解当时情况,或许是因为可口可乐方面压价太多,朱新礼并未让步。
  • “(并购案被否)是可口可乐操作的结果。一颗红心、两手准备,(并购案被否)我们早都有准备的。”汇源集团内部人士直言不讳。“可口可乐早已不打算买了,可口可乐董事会反对的声音越来越多,这是事实。商务部裁决中说‘商务部与可口可乐公司就附加限制性条件进行了商谈,要求申报方提出可行的解决方案’,那只是程序问题,可口可乐有意提出更为严苛的方案以让审批无法获批。”
  • 商务部新闻发言人姚坚则强调,“据我所知,可口可乐继续并购的意愿还是有的,不存在可口可乐公关商务部的情况。”
  • 汇源集团内部人士指称:商务部禁止收购的理由,经不起考问。关于集中之后对市场进入的限制问题。目前果汁行业不存在进入限制,果汁行业的准入门槛很低,只要企业有资金、设备,就可以做。目前国内果汁消费量人均不足1公斤,与欧美发达国家年人均50-70公斤的消费量相差很远,市场空间非常大。另外,可口可乐与汇源远达不到行业垄断,汇源的强项是高浓度果汁与中浓度果汁,这两者总和远不及低浓度果汁的销量。
  • “以《反垄断法》为依据,没有理由否决这起并购案,担心什么呢?”一直以来,商务部研究院外资研究部主任马宇研究员通过写博文的方式支持并购,为此还遭受了网民的攻击与漫骂。“并购案为什么被否决?因为品牌问题?反垄断审查只涉及竞争,不涉及品牌。担心可能造成垄断?果汁是一个完全竞争的行业,果汁不是那种不可替代的生活必需品,消费者拥有自主的选择权,即使可口可乐并购汇源之后在果汁领域也不构成事实上的垄断。”